The Potawatomi Nation defended their land through armed struggle from 1754 to 1815, when they signed a treaty of peace with the United States. The ink on the treaty of 1832 was barely dry when the government broke its promise to let the Potawatomi stay on their tiny reservations, forcing negotiations for more treaties in 1834 and 1836. A chief named Menominee, whose land was a refuge for people who did not want to move, refused to sell. Agent Abel Pepper found three other chiefs to sign this treaty instead. The first article cedes the land, the second promises the signers $14,080, and the third requires them to move west.

Image: National Archives, Washington, DC | Transcript: Originally published in Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties, compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler, 1904; digitized by Oklahoma State University.